Thursday, January 21, 2010

Wednesday, September 17, 2008

Computer

Computer


A computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. The first devices that resemble modern computers date to the mid-20th century (around 1940 - 1945), although the computer concept and various machines similar to computers existed earlier. Early electronic computers were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers. 1 Modern computers are based on tiny integrated circuits and are millions to billions of times more capable while occupying a fraction of the space. 2 Today, simple computers may be made small enough to fit into a wristwatch and be powered from a watch battery. Personal computers, in various forms, are icons of the Information Age and are what most people think of as "a computer"; however, the most common form of computer in use today is the embedded computer. Embedded computers are small, simple devices that are used to control other devices — for example, they may be found in machines ranging from fighter aircraft to industrial robots, digital cameras, and children's toys. The ability to store and execute lists of instructions called programs makes computers extremely versatile and distinguishes them from calculators. The Church–Turing thesis is a mathematical statement of this versatility: any computer with a certain minimum capability is, in principle, capable of performing the same tasks that any other computer can perform. Therefore, computers with capability and complexity ranging from that of a personal digital assistant to a supercomputer are all able to perform the same computational tasks given enough time and storage capacity.
History of computer hardware

It is difficult to identify any one device as the earliest computer, partly because the term "computer" has been subject to varying interpretations over time. Originally, the term "computer" referred to a person who performed numerical calculations (a human computer), often with the aid of a mechanical calculating device. The history of the modern computer begins with two separate technologies - that of automated calculation and that of programmability. xamples of early mechanical calculating devices included the abacus, the slide rule and arguably the astrolabe and the Antikythera mechanism (which dates from about 150-100 BC). The end of the Middle Ages saw a re-invigoration of European mathematics and engineering, and Wilhelm Schickard's 1623 device was the first of a number of mechanical calculators constructed by European engineers. However, none of those devices fit the modern definition of a computer because they could not be programmed. Hero of Alexandria (c. 10 – 70 AD) built a mechanical theater which performed a play lasting 10 minutes and was operated by a complex system of ropes and drums that might be considered to be a means of deciding which parts of the mechanism performed which actions - and when. 3 This is the essence of programmability. In 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard made an improvement to the textile loom that used a series of punched paper cards as a template to allow his loom to weave intricate patterns automatically. The resulting Jacquard loom was an important step in the development of computers because the use of punched cards to define woven patterns can be viewed as an early, albeit limited, form of programmability.

It was the fusion of automatic calculation with programmability that produced the first recognizable computers. In 1837, Charles Babbage was the first to conceptualize and design a fully programmable mechanical computer that he called "The Analytical Engine". 4 Due to limited finances, and an inability to resist tinkering with the design, Babbage never actually built his Analytical Engine. Large-scale automated data processing of punched cards was performed for the U. S. Census in 1890 by tabulating machines designed by Herman Hollerith and manufactured by the Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation, which later became IBM. By the end of the 19th century a number of technologies that would later prove useful in the realization of practical computers had begun to appear: the punched card, Boolean algebra, the vacuum tube (thermionic valve) and the teleprinter. During the first half of the 20th century, many scientific computing needs were met by increasingly sophisticated analog computers, which used a direct mechanical or electrical model of the problem as a basis for computation. However, these were not programmable and generally lacked the versatility and accuracy of modern digital computers.

A succession of steadily more powerful and flexible computing devices were constructed in the 1930s and 1940s, gradually adding the key features that are seen in modern computers. The use of digital electronics (largely invented by Claude Shannon in 1937) and more flexible programmability were vitally important steps, but defining one point along this road as "the first digital electronic computer" is difficult (Shannon 1940). Notable achievements include:
EDSAC was one of the first computers to implement the stored program (von Neumann) architecture. Konrad Zuse's electromechanical "Z machines". The Z3 (1941) was the first working machine featuring binary arithmetic, including floating point arithmetic and a measure of programmability. In 1998 the Z3 was proved to be Turing complete, therefore being the world's first operational computer. The non-programmable Atanasoff–Berry Computer (1941) which used vacuum tube based computation, binary numbers, and regenerative capacitor memory.
The secret British Colossus computers (1943)5, which had limited programmability but demonstrated that a device using thousands of tubes could be reasonably reliable and electronically reprogrammable. It was used for breaking German wartime codes. The Harvard Mark I (1944), a large-scale electromechanical computer with limited programmability. The U. S. Army's Ballistics Research Laboratory ENIAC (1946), which used decimal arithmetic and is sometimes called the first general purpose electronic computer (since Konrad Zuse's Z3 of 1941 used electromagnets instead of electronics). Initially, however, ENIAC had an inflexible architecture which essentially required rewiring to change its programming.

Computer fundamentals

IF COMPUTER HELP HUMAN LIFE SAFTY?
YES, BECAUSE STORAGE DEVICE DECREASE THE USE OF PAPER.

WHAT IS COMPUTER?
COMPUTER IS NOTHING BUT BIG CALCULATOR.

WHAT TECHNIC USE IN COMPUTER?
ARITHMATIC, LOGIC

WHAT IS MEAN BY ARITHMATIC?
PLUS, MINUS, DIVIDE, MULTIPLE.

WHAT IS THE MEANING OF LOGIC?
AND, OR, NOT.

GIVE THE COMBINATION OF LOGIC?


ANY CONNECTION WITH HUMAN STRUCTURE AND COMPUTER?
MAN MADE BY GOD COPY, COMPUTER MADE BY MAN COPY.
YES, CPU=CENTRAL PROSSER UNIT=BRIAN
MEMORY = INTERNAL, EXTERNAL, TEMPORAVERY, PERMANENT, FIXED, REMOVABLE.

WHAT IS MEAN BY MEMORY?
MEMORY = NOTHING BUT STORAGE DEVICE.

WHICH WORKS DONE BY COMPUTER?
FIVE USAGE ONLY. ALL FUNCTION RELATED THIS FIVE.
STORAGE, DISPLAY, PRINT, READ, ERRASE.

HOW TO USE COMPUTER?
USE UPS (UN BRAKABLE POWER SUPPLY) IS MUST.
IN THE PURPOSE OF USAGE TO VIRUTUVAL MEMORY PERIODICOLY DELETE UNWANTED DATAS.
KEEP MORE PLACE TO RUN PROGRAMMES TO EASILY.
IN COMPUTER DONT OPEN, AND RUN MORE PROGRAMMES TO SAME TIME. MEMORY STRUCK.
NOT INSTALLABLE DEVICE DRIVER DISTRUB COMPUTER FUNCTION.
EACH AND EVRY CONNECTED ITEMS CORRECTLY INSTALLED. NO MALFUNCTION. IF MALFUCTION ACCURE, USE ORIGINAL MICROSOFT OPERATING COPY AND UPDATE DAY TO DAY AND CORRECT ALL PROBLEM SOLVED BY INTERNET CONNECTION VIA AUTOMATICALLY.

HOW MANY DEVICE USE IN COMPUTER?
ONLY TWO. ONE IS INPUT, ANOTHER IS OUTPUT.
ALL DEVICE RELATED WITH THIS TWO.

GIVE EXAMPLE OF SOME INPUT DEVICE?
KEY BOARD, MOUSE, SCANNER, MODEM, CAMARA

GIVE SOME EXAMPLE OF OUTPUT DEVICE?
MONITOR, PRINTER, XEROX MACHINE, MODEM, FAX.

HOW TO CONNECT DEVICE IN COMPUTER?
ANY CONNECTION MADE COMPUTER IN OFF STAGE. THE LATEST OPERATING SYSTEM WINDOWS XP AUTOMATICALLY DEDECT ALL DEVICE. AND WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM XY HAVE ALL DEVICE CONNECTION REQUIRED SOFTWARE. THE BIG DEDICATED TEAM WORK HONESTLY TO
WORLD THE GUIDANCE OF MICROSOFT OWNER BILL GATES.


COMPARE WHICH PART WORK HUMAN PARTS EQUALLY?

IN HUMAN BODY EYES, EARS, NOSE, TOUCH FEELING ALL ARE DO THE WORK OF HUMAN INPUT DEVICE UNDER THE CONTROL OF BRIAN.

SPEECH, WRITTING EQUAL TO OUTPUT DEVICE.

ANY CONNECTION WITH DUM AND DEAF?
YES, ONES EARS NOT ACCSSE PROPER SOUND AND COMMEND, THAT TIME SPOKEN SKILL IS DISTRUBED.

HOW TO COMMUNICATE COMPUTER?
WE ARE COMMUNICATE WITH COMPUTER BINARY LANGUAGE 0,1.

WHAT IS THE FULL WORD OF ASCI CODE?
AMARICAN STANDARD COMPUTER ------

COMPARE DAY TO DAY LIFE USE PRODUCT WITH COMPUTER?
TV - MONITOR
TAPE RECORDER CASSTE - STORAGE DEVICE HDD, FLOOPY, CD, PEN DRIVE.
CELLPHONE = MODEM

WHAT IS THE DISCRIPTION OF MB?
MEGA BITE.

WHAT IS THE DISCRIPTION OF BITE?
COMBINATION OF BYTE

WHAT IS THE BYTE?
BYTE IS NOTHING BUT 0,1 BINNARY.

WHAT IS THE MEANING OF PROGRAMME?
SET OF COMMAND IS PROGRAMME.

IF WE ABLE TO CREATE PROGRAMME?
SURE, USE C, C++ KIND OF SOFTWARE PROVIDE WE MAKE PROGRAMME. AND USE COMPUTER TO SOLVE OUR PROBLEM SEPRATELY.

GIVE EXAMPLE OF PROGRAMME?
WE NEED TO DESPATCH ONE LETTER TO ONE PARTICULAR PERSON.
CALL OUR PEAUN, HANDED OVER LETTER TO HIM, AND GIVE SOME INSTRUCTION LIKE STREET NAME, DOOR NO, PERSON IDENTIY.
ACCORDING TO OUR INSTRUCTION PEAUN HANDED OVER THE LETTER TO PARTICULAR PERSON.

IN THIS PROGRAMME TITLE IS - SUBMITTING LETTER - IN OTHER WORD MAIL.
PEAUN IS DO THE CHARACTER OF ACT COMPUTER.
OUR INSTRUCTION IS THE PROGRAMME. (SET OF COMMAND)
PEAUN HANDED OVER LETTER IS FINISHING STAGE OF PROGRAMME.
- THANKS TO TAMIL WRITER SUJATHA, AND MAGINE ANANDA VIKADAN.

WHAT IS THE USE OF AND, IF, THEN, OR?
WE MAKE PROGRAME THAT TIME IF PROCESS COME END THAT TIME AGAIN REPAT THE COMMADS TO LOOP THE WORK.

WHICH FIELD COMPUTER IS USED?
NANO TECHNOLOGY, BIO TECHNOLOGY, RESEARCH, MEDICINE, PRINTING PRESS, DTP, VIDEOGRAPHY, PHOTOGRAPHY, EDUCATION, ENVIRONMENT, CULTURAL ACTIVITIES, DATA COLLECTION, MARKETING, LEGAL SECTOR, PRODUCTION SECTOR, AGRICULTURAL, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, DIGITAL LIBRARY, ENTERTAINMENT MEDIA, COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY, ETC.,

IS COMPUTER IS NESSARY TO HUMAN LIFE?
YES, COMPUTER IS NESSARY TO HUMAN LIFE PROTECTION, AND GO TO HUMAN NEXT STAGE.

IS COMPUTER IS COMPLICATED TO UNDERSTAND?
NO, WE ARE USE OUR BRAIN 0.5 % ONLY TO DAY TO DAY LIFE. SO, TAKE EXTRA EFFORT ALL ARE UNDERSTAND COMPUTER.

WHAT IS THE MEANING OF MATRIX?
MATRIX METHOD IS VERY USEFUL TO MEMORY SECTION.


XP OS ATTACK BY VIRUS, WHAT CAN I DO?
START > ALL PROGRAMME > ASSOCIRIES > SYSTEM TOOLS > SYSTEM RESTORE

IF NOT COME THIS OPTION, GO TO SAFE MODE (BOOTING TIME PRESS F8)

RESTORE > WAIT 10 MIN > YOUR SYSTEM WORK PROPERLY (BUT YOUR TWO WEEKS SAVED FILE ERASED) (YOUR REGISTRY CLEAN)

NO NEED TO XP RELODED, NO NEED TO VIRUS SCANNER